INTRODUCTION:

The heterocyclic compounds chemistry is as rational as that of aromatic or aliphatic compounds Their study is of great interest both from the theoretical as well as practical significance. Various compounds such as alkaloids, essential amino acids, vitamins, hemoglobin, hormones etc have thiazolidine scaffold. The Heterocycle analogues containing sulphur and nitrogen atoms in their core structure exhibit potent pharmacological and biological¹. The physical properties of the Thiazolidine with Molecular Formula C3H7NS, Molecular Weight 89.16, Molar mass 89.16g·mol−1, density: 1.13g/cm³, boiling point: 72 to 75°C (162 to 167 °F; 345 to 348K) at 25 torr²Thiazolidine or 1,3-Thiazolidine or TetrahydrothiazoleIt is a 5-membered saturated ring with a thioether group in 1st position and an amine group in 3rd position. Thiazolidine is a sulfur analog of oxazolidine.

Among the Thiazolidine derivatives Thiazolidine 2,4 dione is the most widely used scaffold and is also known as glitazone. It is a heterocyclic ring consist of 5 member thiazolidine moiety, it contains carbonyl group at 2ndand 4thposition. If any substitution takes place other than 3 and 5 position may decrease the activity. Design of new drug based on biologically active scaffolds of thiazolidine is a promising and reasonable direction in modern medicinal chemistry. To reduce the adverse effects of drug catalyst and solvent-free synthesis method is followed to increase the efficiency. The recent synthetic studies of thiazolidines analogues and biological investigations for their antidiabetic, antimicrobial³, antiviral⁴, antitumor, antiinflammatory⁵, antioxidant, antiparasitic activities allowed to identify the promising drug-like compounds as per the objective of Green chemistry. Considering the multitargeted functionality of the nucleus we strive to corelate the statistics to be had on multitargeted inhibitors with the TZD nucleus, which could function a benchmark for the alteration of current ligands to layout new ones with higher binding interactions. The prevalence of aromatic substituted thiazolidine core in biologically active molecules has prompt the essential requirement for elegant and efficient ways to make the heterocyclic lead thiazolidine as an pivotal class of compounds for new drug development. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the statistical report of last five years research work about the synthesis and biological activity of heterocyclic systems with thiazolidine fragments in molecules so that researchers can get an overview of recent developments in this sector.

Biological activities of Thiazolidine derivatives:

Anti microbial activity:

1. Sucheta et alsynthesised (5- substituted-benzaldehyde) thiazolidine 2,4dione analogue using knovengel condensation. All the 21 compounds were characterized by NMR, FTIR and mass spectroscopy and screened for in-vitro antibacterial activity. Among which the compound5-{4-[7-((E)-3-Oxo-3-phenyl-propenyl)-quinolin-8-yloxy]-benzyl}-thiazolidine-2,4-dione(15)shows potent anti-bacterial activity against E.coli, staphylococcus aureus with MIC=4.5 x 10-2 μm/ml compared with standard cefradroxil, fluconazole. Finally, we concluded that the above reported compound can be used for development of novel therapeutic agent.⁶

2. Gayam Krishna Reddy et al. In Thiazolidine derivatives, the substitution in 2nd position provides a wide range of biological activity. They synthesized a novel series of N-((4,5-dihydro-5-substituted-1-thiocarbamoyl-1-H-pyrazol-3-ylamino) (methylthio) methyl)-2-substituted thiazolidine-4-carboxamide derivative. The 22 compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectrum. Among the synthesized 2-aromatic substituted thiazolidine derivatives the compound N-((4,5-dihydro-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-thiocarbamoyl-1-H-pyrazol-3-ylamino) (methylthio) methyl) -2-Methoxythiazolidine-4-carboxamide showed good activity against both fungal and bacterial organisms with MIC value 3.12 μ/ml⁷

3. Priyanka Nivrutti Shinde et al.,. The spiro compounds were synthesised by microwave conditions. These produce different pharmacological activities. in that we discuss the antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the series of N-{5’-[(4-substitutedphenyl)methylidene]-2,4’-dioxo-1,2-dihydro-3’H-spiro[indole3.2’-[1,3]thiazolidin]-3’-yl}pyridine-4-carboxamide was done by agar diffusion method in dimethyl fluoride(DMF) having different concentration(25,50,100 μg) and compared with reference drug ampicillin. The derivative from the above compounds 11c( zone of inhibition=10,11,13 for S.aureus and 12,14,16 for E.coli) showed higher activity against grampositive microorganism(Staphylococcus aureus) and good activity against gram negative microorganism(Escherichia coli) . But another one derivative of 11g (zone of inhibition=13,14,16 for S.aureus and 9,10,12 for E.coli) showed higher activity against E.coli and good activity against S.aureus in comparison to ampicillin at three different concentrations(zone of inhibition=15,16,17 for S.aureus and 14,15,1 forE.coli).The spiro compounds were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectra. Finally, we concluded that the above compounds showed better activity against microorganism than ampiillin.⁸

4. Gabriel Marc et al., aimedtoenhanceeffect of anti-microbial activity of norfloxacin series as they synthesised 7 new hybrid norfloxacin - thiazolidienedionemolecules. Docking studies shows distinct mode of binding site of compound to DNA gyrase. Where in silico ADMET studies forecast new derivative were not substrates to p-glycoprotein(PGP) and evaluated for molecular property^{. .}Thecompound(Z)-1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(2-(5-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylicacid (7d)norfloxacin-thiazolidinedione through for biological assay invitro qualitative screening studies. As the out come addition of phenyl substituted thiazolidinedione moiety of norfloxacin thiazolidinedione series produces more potent activity than unsubstituted derivatives.⁹

Anticancer activity:

1. Mohammed A.Khedr et al., The increased growth factor and the cytokines stimulates cell proliferation, is a major process in the tumourigenesis. Inhibition of aldose reductase (A) enzyme showed to prevent cancer cell growth especially in colon cancer . They synthesized the six novel nine substituted-4′-iminospiro[indoline-3,3′-[1,2,5] thiadiazolidinyl]-2-one 1′,1′-dioxide derivatives were designed to target the inhibition of aldose reductase enzyme. Among those the compound [3a] 5-Nitro-4′-iminospiro[indoline-3,3′-[1,2,5]thiadiazolidin]-2-one 1′,1′-dioxide showed the highest activities with IC50 0.013,0.031,0.064 and 0.048mmol/lit against colon, prostate, breast and lung cell lines. It was observed by quantitative structure relationshipactivity(QSAR). They were characterized by IR spectroscopy. Finally, we concluded that the above compound showed better activity against MCF-7, HCT-116, PC-3 and A-549 cell lines.¹⁰

2. Kalpana Tilekar et al., Several synthetic and natural inhibitor of GLUT had been reported including thiazolidinediones (TZD). Thiazolidine scaffold contain antidiabetic agents and these are PPARγ agonists, which exhibits moderate antiproliferative effects and these are attributed to full agonist at the binding site of PPARγ. Synthesized and biologically evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo a novel series of furyl-2-methylene thiazolidinediones (TZDs). They were synthesized 25 TZDs compounds. Among them N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(5-(furan-2-ylmethylene)-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetamide (F18) and N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(5-(furan-2-ylmethylene)-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl) acetamide (F19) inhibited GLUT 1 most potently with IC50 11.4 and 14.7 respectively. The compounds (F18) was only specific for GLUT4 (IC50 6.8μM). The compound (F18) interact with residues in GLUT1 and GLUT4 in silico ligand docking studies. It was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. In-vitro anti-proliferative screening of lymphoid cells, the F18 was most lethal to CEM cells (CC50 of1.7μM) that lead to cell death due to necrosis. But, F18 showed impaired tumor growth In-vivo xenograft studies in CEM model. Also, devoid of PPARγ showed agonist activity and also retain anti-proliferative effects.¹¹

Anti diabetic activity:

1. Khaled R. A. Abdellatif et al., Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes of α-glucosidase and β-glucosidase were used for the in-vitro α and β-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Two thiazolidindione and two thiazolidin-one derivatives were synthesised, they are widely used for the treatment of type2 diabetes mellitus. The active compounds from the both thiazolidindione and thiazolidin-one derivatives showed higher inhibitory activity against both α and β-glucosidase enzyme. In thiazolidindione derivative the %inhibitory activity(%IA) was 62.15 for α -glucosidase and %IA=57.42 for β-glucosidase but thiazolidinone %IA=65.37 for α -glucosidase and %IA=58.19 for β-glucosidase.The compounds(E)-N-(4-(4-((2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide [4a] (52.11%) and (E)-2-((E)-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-hydrazono)thiazolidin-4-one [4c](63.15%),were induced the PPARγ activation. The compounds were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectra. It was observed by the evaluation of in vitro PPARγ activation. Among the four compounds the above compounds showed higher activation in comparison to the reference drugs of pioglitazone(76.72%) and rosiglitazone (82.6%).¹²

2. Garima Bansal et al., synthesized Thiazolidine-2,4-dione[TZDs], an important pharmacophore in the treatment of diabetic mellitus. Nearly 80 thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives were synthesized to examine them as more potent antidiabetic activity with no side effects. The basic nucleus of thiazolidine 2,4-dione plays a major role in the treatment of type2 diabetes mellitus, it lows down the high blood glucose level to normal. The activity of the 80 compounds were compared with other antidiabetic drugs (reference drugs) like pioglitazone, troglitazone and rosiglitazone by their blood glucose level and TGA (triglycerides)level. It give an outline of their clinical studies and biological significance of thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives with reference drugs. Among these the alkoxy benzyl based TZDs compound of [1a] 5-(4-pyridylalkoxy benzylidene)-2,4thiazolidindione showed reduced blood glucose level [38%-48%] and plasma thyroglobulin level [28%-58%] in KKAy mice. The effect of the compound was equipotent to reference drug[pioglitazone.¹³

3. Mohd Usman Mohd Siddique et al., Aldose reductase can be considered as an target for developing and designing drugs for treatment of long term diabetic complication. The various derivatives of thiazolidinediones act as aldose reductase inhibitors. The presence of carboxylic functional group have poor pharmacokinetic properties and this study led to replacing the carboxylic group with non carboxylic derivatives. In this, investigated 16 benzylidene thiazolidinedione derivatives, along with additional 18 structure for getting aldose reductase inhibitor activity. Totally, thirty three compounds were synthesized. Among these, the compound2(5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-N-(2chlorophenyl) acetamide (21) was most effective and selective inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.95 ± 0.11 and 13.52 ± 0.81μM against ALR2 and aldehyde reductase (ALR2) enzymes. It was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS. When methylene group is introduced between nitrogen 2(5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-N-(2chlorophenyl) acetamide and phenyl ring of anilide showed most potent inhibition as well as selectivity toward ALR2. This study approach led to development of nine compounds as the most efficient ALR2 inhibitors. The compounds having 4- hydroxybenzylidene (aryl head) derivatives was found to perform better.¹⁴

3. Shivakant Patel et al., created new thiazolidine-2,4Dione (M1to M7) derivatives were manually developed by modifications of general structural features of glitazone and they done inseration of hetrocyclic ring and substituted benzene to produce better hyperglycemia activity and synthesised using proper technique.Characterisation was done through IR, proton (1H)nuclear magnetic resonance. Evaluation for in-vitro anti-hyperglycemic activity using (SCM)and (AIDM) done by comparing with standard ligand rosiglitazone. Study found that M4 has a lot of Anti-hyperglycemic activity. Thus, it shows that using this as a lead material for the more potent thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivative as an oral anti-hypoglycemic agent¹⁵

Anti-inflammatory activity:

1. Matteo Incerti et al., The inflammatory event is activated by free oxygen and nitrite (ROS and RNS) radicals, advanced glycation products (AGEs), inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that act repeatedly and inappropriately. They synthesized a series of 23 compounds 2-(1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl)-N-(4-oxo-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)propanamides from benzisothiazole and 4-thiazolidinone. These compounds were evaluated for the antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties by its effectiveness to affect the process of tissue damage which involves free oxygen and nitrite (ROS and RNS), inflammatory mediators like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Epithelial derived MMP9 is an important mediator of tissue damage. They were characterized by IR, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Docking research of all compounds have been done to discover their mode of binding to the MMP9 protein. An considerable anti inflammatory effect/recuperation ability of the compounds were examined. Among which the compound 4-(3-{[2-(1,2-Benzothiazol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino}-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl)benzoic acid (23)IC50 Value (µM) 0.04 ± 0.01 was compared with standard NNGH((N-Isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)glycylhydroxamic acid) IC50 Value (µM)=0.0065 ± 0.00025 confirmed as most potent against MMP9 on the nanomolar level (IC50 = 40 nM). Whereas the 4-phenyl substituent at C2 of the 4-thiazolidinone ring appears to be able to modulate the activity and reduce NF-κB levels (50% at 10 µM). The compound 23 also shows good antioxidant activity (ORAC value = 0.53 TE/µmol).By Docking research confirmed the carboxylate group of 23 has a monodentate interaction with Zn atom and H bonds with three of the active site residues (Gly186, Tyr423 and His401) of MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinases) enzyme explains its MMP-9 inhibitory action. The results indicates appreciable MMP-9 inhibitory action when compared to the standard NNGH (N-Isobutyl N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl) glyclhydroxamic acid).¹⁶

2. Ioana-Mirela Vasincu et al., ibuprofen is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs widely used to treat pain and inflammation The LD50 values of all tested ibuprofen derivatives were slightly toxic than ibuprofen. So, it would be valued that the chemical modulation of ibuprofen with thiazolidine-4-one scaffold tends to decrease the toxicity level and also substitution of aromatic ring in thiazolidine4-one seems to decreasing the inflammatory activity. The various mediators such as prostogladins, cytokines, bradykinin and histamine that induces the inflammatory process.The ibuprofen derivatives were evaluated at a median lethal dose(LD50) of 1/20. The % inhibition of edema was expressed at different time intervals of drug administration. Among the twelve ibuprofen derivatives, the active compound 12d(R=4-F), the % inhibition was 65.71±10.49% showed long term antiinflammatory activity than the value of ibuprofen(% inhibition=43.67±5.20%). It was observed by Carrageenan-induced paw edema assay¹⁷

3. Zulkifar Malik et al., Thiazolidine derivatives have been exhibits both prominent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity Studies reported that IL-1 β production in spinal cord increase7d the chronic pain similar to increased IL-1 β production in inflammatory pain This study was done to investigate the effect of thiazolidine derivatives, 1b ([2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-yl](morpholin-4-yl) methanone) and 1d (2-hydroxy-4-{[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carbonyl] amino}benzoic acid), on thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia and on IL-1β expression during carrageenan-induced inflammation in the spinal cord in mice. Rota Rod test was performed to verify the effect of 1b and 1d on motor coordination and also IL-1 β expression was measured by ELISA. The effect of Thiazolidine on carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia in models showed,1b and 1d possess mild-to-moderate analgesic potential. The data indicate that allodynic effects was produced at higher doses of 1b and 1d compound. Rosiglitazone administration caused a significant decrease in IL-1 β production. Thus, this studies showed that analgesic effects of 1-d(2-hydroxy-4-{[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carbonyl] amino}benzoic acid), having more activity than 1-b. This mechanism is due to PPAR γ agonist activity. In this study, we observed that analgesic effects and ability to suppress IL-1 β in spinal cord increased at higher doses.¹⁸

Anti parasitic activity:

1. Simone Carradoriet et al., synthesized 33 novel N-substituted thiazolidin-4-one derivatives(1-33) In which three substituents at the N1-hydrazine portion of the scaffold (3-heptanone, 2-acetylthiophene and acetylferrocene) are kept constant. These substituents were made to react directly with thiosemicarbazide to obtain the N-substituted thiazolidin-4-one derivatives These analogues were purified by column chromatography and characterized by IR, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy techniques. These compounds were biologically evaluated using published methods for anti parasitic activity by testing in vitro for (i) host cell cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit tachyzoite (T. gondii RH-2 F (50839); ATCC, VA) and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF; ATCC) growth over a period of 5 days (ii) the ability to inhibit tachyzoite invasion of host cells using immunofluorescence-based red/green invasion assay. and (iii) the ability to inhibit intracellular tachyzoite replicationusing an established immunofluorescence-based invasion assay. The compounds most potent in this condition was 3-(Naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-2-((1-(ferrocen-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazono)thiazolidin-4-one (30) IC50 µM =5,IC90µM =17, TD50 µM= 320, TIµM = 32 the 3-heptanone series is compared with standard Sulfadiazine IC50µM =43 IC90µM = 219 TD50µM= 281 TIµM = 7 They confirmed that thiazolidin-4-one scaffold can be as effective, than the reference drug sulfadiazine in vitro against the tachyzoites of Toxoplasma.¹⁹

Anti obesity Activity:

1. Ginson George et al., synthesized a new collection of 14 indole-thiazolidinedione (TZD) hybrid analogues. by molecular hybridisation technique from condensation of thiourea with chloroacetic acid and evaluated its obesity outcomes through PL(Pancreatic lipase) inhibition. The amide functionality-based analogues evaluated for PL inhibitory potentials in the past are thiazolidinediones (TZDs), tripeptides, rhodanines etc. Among which TZDs consists of a nitrogen targeted diamide linkage, which can mimic thechemical surroundings much like the esters in triglycerides; therefore it is able to act as an electrophile for Ser 152 of PL.11. The centered analogues had been synthesized through the condensation response among numerous substituted isatin with TZD withinside the presence of aqueous KOH in methanol. The synthesized analogues were characterized by ATIR, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Amongst the synthesized (Z)-3-Benzyl-5-(1-(4-bromobenzyl)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) thiazolidine-2,4-dione (7m) (9.51±1.19mM)exhibited a capacity PL inhibitory activity compared withOrlistat, a PL inhibitor, exhibited a potent PL inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.86±0.065mM). Kinetic studies shows that the mighty analogues enzyme inhibition mode is through competitive inhibition. This had been characterized through fluorescence spectroscopy which in addition recommended the presence of one binding target for the synthesized analogues. Molecular docking of the synthesized analogues become achieved the use of human PL (PDB ID: 1LPB). The acquired MolDock rankings had been aligned with the invitro PL inhibitory activity evaluated by assay protocol consisted of porcine PL Type II (enzyme), 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (substrate) and orlistat (standard) (Pearson’s r =0.9108, p o 0.05). Moreover, a strong conformation, of the 1LPB-ligands recommended the stableness of those complexes within the dynamic environment. Thus it was concluded that indole-thiazolidinedione (TZD) hybrid analogues exhibit mild to moderate antiobesity activity through PL(Pancreatic lipase) inhibition.²⁰

CONCLUSION:

Appraisal of literature reviews reveals that thiazolidine and its derivatives constitute an important class of compound in the medicinal area with diverse healing potentials, i.e., antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and antitubercular, anti parasitic, antiobesity, analgesic activities etc. which created tremendous interest amongst researchers to synthesize thiazolidine derivatives. This literature of review focuses mainly on synthesized active compounds of thiazolidine derivatives having distinctive pharmacological activities playing an essential function in the medicinal area. These maximum active thiazolidine derivatives can be taken as ends in find out novel marketers with therapeutic capability in the future.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors highly thankful to the management of Vivekanandha Pharmacy College for Women, Sankari for providing all the facilities in the department of pharmaceutical chemistry.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of the article.

REFERENCE:

1. Srikanth Kumar, K., Lakshmana Rao, A., and Sekhara Reddy, D. R. Design, Synthesis, Hypoglycemic Activity and Molecular Docking Studies of 3-substituted-5- [(furan-2-yl)-methylene]-thiazolidine-2,4-dione Derivatives. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 2021;55(1), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.55305/ijper.55.1.30

2. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 10444, Thiazolidine. (2021;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Thiazolidine.

3. De Monte, C., Carradori, S., Bizzarri, B., Bolasco, A., Caprara, F., Mollica, A., Rivanera, D., Mari, E., Zicari, A., Akdemir, A., and Secci, D. Anti-Candida activity and cytotoxicity of a large library of new N-substituted-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2016; 107, 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.048

4. Sriram,D., Yogeeshwari,P., Kumar., A.TG. Microwave-assisted synthesis and anti YFV activity of 2,3-diaryl-1-3-thiazolidin-4-one. J Pharmaceut Sci. 2005;8 (3): 426-429.

5. Pires Gouvea, D., Vasconcellos, F. A., dos Anjos Berwaldt, G., Neto, A. C. P. S., Fischer, G., Sakata, R. P., Almeida, W. P., and Cunico, W. 2-Aryl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)thiazolidin-4-ones: Synthesis, anti-inflammatory in vivo, cytotoxicity in vitro and molecular docking studies. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2016;118, 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.028

6. Sucheta, Tahlan, S., and Verma, P. K. Synthesis, SAR and in vitro therapeutic potentials of thiazolidine-2,4-diones. Chemistry Central Journal. 2018;12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0496-0

7. Gayam, K. R., and Palaniappan, S. Design, Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 2-Aromatic Substituted-1,3-Thaizolidine Derivatives. American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research. 2019; 7(8), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.46624/ajphr.2019.v7.i8.003

8. Shinde, P. N., and Raskar, M. A.Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Spiro (Indole -Thiazolidine) Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 2019; 71–74. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2019v11i6.36346

9. Marc, Araniciu, Oniga, Vlase, Pîrnău, Nadăș, Novac, Matei, Chifiriuc, Măruțescu, and Oniga. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Piperazin-4-yl-(acetyl-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) Norfloxacin Analogues as Antimicrobial Agents. Molecules. 2020; 24(21), 3959. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213959

10. Khedr, M. A., Al-Wabli, R. I., Almutairi, M. S., and Zaghary, W. A.. QSAR-based rational discovery of novel substituted-4′-iminospiro[indoline-3,3′-[1,2,5]thiadiazolidinyl]-2-one 1′,1′-dioxide with potent in vitro anticancer activity. BMC Chemistry. 2019;13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-019-0520-z

11. Kalpana Tilekar, K., Upadhyay, N., Hess, J. D., Macias, L. H., Mrowka, P., Aguilera, R. J., Meyer-Almes, F.-J., Iancu, C. V., Choe, J.-yong, and Ramaa, C. S. Structure guided design and synthesis of furyl thiazolidinedione derivatives as inhibitors of Glut 1 and Glut 4, and evaluation of their anti-leukemic potential. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2022 ;02, 112603. DOI:10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112603

12. Abdellatif, K. R., Fadaly, W. A., Kamel, G. M., Elshaier, Y. A., and El-Magd, M. A. Design, synthesis, modeling studies and biological evaluation of thiazolidine derivatives containing pyrazole core as potential anti-diabetic PPAR-γ agonists and anti-inflammatory COX-2 selective inhibitors. Bioorganic Chemistry. 2019;82, 86–99. DIO:10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.034

13. Bansal, G., Thanikachalam, P. V., Maurya, R. K., Chawla, P., and Ramamurthy, S. An overview on medicinal perspective of thiazolidine-2,4-dione: A remarkable scaffold in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Journal of Advanced Research. 2020;23, 163–205. DIO:10.1016/j.jare.2020.01.008

14. Mohd Siddique, M. U., Thakur, A., Shilkar, D., Yasmin, S., Halakova, D., Kovacikova, L., Prnova, M. S., Stefek, M., Acevedo, O., Dasararaju, G., Devadasan, V., Mondal, S. K., and Jayaprakash,V.Non-carboxylic acid inhibitors of aldose reductase based on N? substituted thiazolidinedione derivatives. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2021;223, 113630. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113630.

15. Patel, S., Sen, A. K., Dash, D. K., Sadhu, P., Kumari, M., and Baile, S. B.Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Thiazolidinedione Derivative as Novel Antidiabetic Agents. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021c; 123–133. DIO:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i35a31881

16. Incerti, M., Crascì, L., Vicini, P., Aki, E., Yalcin, I., Ertan-Bolelli, T., Cardile, V., Graziano, A., and amp; Panico, A.g. 4-thiazolidinone derivatives as MMP inhibitors in tissue damage: Synthesis, biological evaluation and Docking Studies. Molecules. 2018;23(2), 415. DOI :10.3390/molecules23020415.

17. Vasincu, I. M., Apotrosoaei, M., Constantin, S., Butnaru, M., Vereștiuc, L., Lupușoru, C. E., Buron, F., Routier, S., Lupașcu, D., Taușer, R. G., and Profire, L. (2021). New ibuprofen derivatives with thiazolidine-4-one scaffold with improved pharmaco-toxicological profile. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2021; 22(1).DIO:10.1186/s40360-021-00475-0.

18. Malik, Z., Abbas, M., Al Kury, L. T., Shah, F. A., Alam, M., Khan, A.-ullah, Nadeem, H., Alghamdi, S., Sahibzada, M. U., and Li, S.Thiazolidine derivatives attenuate carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain in mice. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2021; Volume15 369–384. DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s281559.

19. Carradori, S., Secci, D., Bizzarri, B., Chimenti, P., De Monte, C., Guglielmi, P., Campestre, C., Rivanera, D., Bordón, C., and amp; Jones-Brando, L.. Synthesis and biological evaluation of anti-toxoplasma gondii activity of a novel scaffold of thiazolidinone derivatives. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 2017;32(1), 746–758 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1316494.

20. George, G., Auti, P. S., and amp; Paul, A. T.Design, synthesis, in silico molecular modelling studies and biological evaluation of novel indole-thiazolidinedione hybrid analogues as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors. New Journal of Chemistry. 2020; 45(3), 1381–1394. DOI:10.1039/d0nj05649a.

Received on 08.02.2022 Modified on 17.06.2022

Asian J. Research Chem. 2022; 15(5):351-357.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2022.00063